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90000 Cadastral surveys and records of rights in land 90001 Cadastral surveys and records of rights in land 90002 90003 90004 90005 Cadastre is a technical term for a st of records showing the extent, value and ownership (or other basis for use or occupancy) of land. Strictly speaking, a cadastre is a record of areas and values ​​of land and of landholders that originally was compiled for purposes of taxation. In many countries there is, however, no longer any land tax and in practice the cadastre serves two other equally important purposes.It provides a ready means of precise description and identification of particular pieces of land and it acts as a continuous record of rights in land. 90003 90005 A modern cadastre normally consists of a series of large-scale maps or plans, and corresponding registers. Both the plans and the registers may be stored in computers, as discussed in the chapter «computerization of maps and registers «. The present chapter deals with the essential features of cadastral maps with particular reference to the form they take when drawn on paper or displayed on a computer screen.While the survey of an individual parcel of land has in some countries resulted in a «cadastral map» for that plot of land and may have been unconnected to any adjoining land parcels, the true cadastral map covers all parcels within an area rather than isolated plots. It can act as an index for other land parcel surveys that show more detailed information or can be of sufficiently large scale for the dimensions of each plot to be obtainable from the map. In this chapter, and throughout this monograph, the term ‘cadastral map’ will be associated with any parcel of land whether defined by ownership, value or use provided that the parcel has an independent identity and is relevant to the management of land as a resource.A cadastral map will show the boundaries of such parcels but may in addition incorporate details of the resources associated with them, including the physical structures on or beneath them, their geology, soils, and vegetation and the manner in which the land is used. 90003 90005 The scale of cadastral maps is of great importance. Since the object of the map is to provide a precise description and identification of the land, the scale must be large enough for every separate plot of land which may be the subject of separate possession (conveniently called a «survey plot» or «land parcel») to appear as a recognizable unit on the map.When map data are stored in a computer, they may be drawn at almost any scale and this can give an impression of greater accuracy than the quality of the survey data may warrant. 90003 90005 Since the map and the corresponding registers form complementary parts of the same system of description and identification, there must be some system of cross-referencing between what is shown on the map and what is recorded in the registers. This usually means that either names or numbers must be given to each separate land parcel.These references are known as property identifiers (PID) or unique parcel reference numbers (UPRN). Various reference systems have been developed including: 90003 90013 90014 The name of the grantor or grantee 90015 90014 A sequential title number 90015 90014 The volume and folio numbers on which the plot is registered 90015 90014 The name of a farm or locality with an individual plot number 90015 90014 The registration block and individual plot numbers 90015 90014 A post office address 90015 90014 A street index reference and parcel number 90015 90014 A grid coordinate or «geocode» 90015 90030 90005 The reference chosen should be easy to understand and easy to remember; easy to use for the public and by computers; permanent so that it does not change with the sale of a property, but capable of being updated when there is for example a subdivision of the land; unique; accurate; and economic to introduce.90003 90005 It is essential that when these numbers or names are drawn on a map that they do not obscure the details of the map itself. The cadastral map should show the boundaries of each land parcel and in some jurisdictions may also show its area and the actual length and bearing of each boundary line. These considerations may obviously demand a scale somewhat larger than that required merely to indicate each surveyed plot. 90003 90035 90036 90037 90038 90039 90036 90037 90042 Topographic Plan showing physical detail 90043 90038 90039 90046 90005 The smallest satisfactory scale depends primarily on the area of ​​the smallest survey plot likely to be met with, and may thus vary greatly in different circumstances.A much larger scale will be necessary for cadastral maps of towns than for those of rural areas. Similarly a closely occupied countryside consisting of small fields and holdings will require maps on a larger scale than is necessary in areas where there are large farms with open fields. 90003 90005 The maps with which most people are familiar are topographic maps at scales of around 1: 50,000. Such maps make it possible to show accurately (Though not always to scale) the position of roads, railways, footpaths, villages, rivers, streams, bridges, important buildings, administrative boundaries and other similar features as well as the relief of the land, the depth of water and variations in tide level.These maps are however quite inadequate for cadastral purposes. A simple example will make this point clear. A carefully drawn pencil line will have a width of perhaps half a millimetre. On a map on the scale of 1: 50,000 this would represent a line of 25 metres wide of the ground. There are many countries, especially hilly countries, with separate fields less than 25 metres wide. Most cadastral maps need to be at scales of between 1: 500 and 1: 2,500 although in densely developed areas a larger scale may be needed while in open countryside much smaller scales may be acceptable.90003 90005 Large-scale plans are initially much more expensive to make per unit area than small-scale maps, but it must always be remembered that, once the large- scale survey has been completed, accurate maps on any smaller scale can be derived from them. The converse is not however true for although larger-scale maps can easily be constructed by using computers, they can never be more accurate than the original data from which they were first compiled. 90003 90005 Usually cadastral maps need only be «planimetric» maps, that is to say, they need not show topographical relief.There may be special reasons why altitudes should be recorded on cadastral maps, but ordinarily all that is needed is a plan of what is seen, without stereoscopy, from a point vertically above the piece of land observed. Distances recorded on such plans are the horizontal distances between points and not the surface distances actually measured on the ground. Thus the area recorded for a plot of land on a steep hillside will be the horizontal equivalent which may be significantly less than the actual surface area.90003 90035 90036 90037 90038 90039 90036 90037 90042 Cadastral Plan showing boundaries of land ownership 90043 90038 90039 90046 90005 A third important requirement of cadastral maps is that they should show a sufficient number of points which can be accurately identified on the ground to enable any other point on the ground to be identified on the map (or vice versa) by eye or by simple and short measurements. Professionally this requirement is satisfied by marks recording the original triangulation stations, or the stations on supplementary theodolite traverses, but this is usually inadequate or inconvenient for practical purposes.In areas where there are permanent fences or fields surrounded by embankments, the fences and banks may provide an adequate means of detailed identification, but in unfenced open fields without any embankments, some means of indicating the land parcel boundaries on the ground will be necessary. 90003 90005 A good mark must be durable in itself and not easy to remove either accidentally or wilfully. In many countries it is also desirable that the material of which it is made should not be of a kind that encourages theft.Since the marks must be easily recognizable they must be fairly conspicuous on the surface but for important points, such as those used as control for surveys, there are advantages in supplementing surface marks with marks that are set in concrete and buried beneath them. 90003 90005 One principal method of identification used in cadastral maps is the «Grid». In some countries, such as much of the public lands in the United States, a grid has been laid out on the ground creating a «rectangular system».All parcels of land are formed by straight lines, often running north to south and east to west. The problem with such a system is that it is unsympathetic to the natural topography but its advantage is its simplicity and the relative clarity of the boundaries on the ground. More commonly however a grid is used as a referencing system so that the coordinates of all boundary turning points can be measured, calculated and recorded. The data can then be stored in a computer and used either to draw the cadastral maps or else for helping a surveyor to re- establish lost boundary marks.90003 90035 90036 90037 90038 90039 90036 90037 90042 Cadastral Plan showing bearings and distances of sides, areas, and plot numbers 90043 90038 90039 90046 90005 The land parcel reference number can be used to identify the plot. It can be cross-referenced both to the files that contain more detailed survey information about the parcel such as its dimensions, and to the data on ownership, value and use. In many countries the records of survey are held in one government department (the Survey Department) while text data and details of title are held in another.The latter may, for example, be the Lands Department, the Ministry of Justice or even the Government Treasury. It is important that wherever records of land parcels are maintained, every authority adopts the same standard land parcel referencing system. 90003 90005 It is also essential that changes in land parcel boundaries be recorded as soon as they are agreed. All interested parties must be notified immediately of any changes that have taken place affecting land parcels, for example where there has been formal subdivision.A cadastral map must be up to date at all times. 90003 90004 90002 90003.90000 Cadastral Maps and Plans | Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping 90001 90002 What is a Cadastre? 90003 90004 The cadastre of a country is its 90005 register of property titles 90006 and is usually managed by government agencies — in Australia these are often called Land Titles Offices. The information recorded includes an accurate description of the location of a parcel of land and who owns it. It may also record what the land can be used for (e.g. residential or not, national park etc) and may also show the location and shape of buildings.In some countries it also records the 90005 value of a property 90006. In these cases the cadastre may also be used for land taxation purposes. 90009 90002 90003 90002 What is a Cadastral Plan? 90003 90004 90015 This is an excellent example of a cadastral plan. Note the detailed information relating to points along the boundary of both parcels of land and two of the adjoining roads. 90016 Because 2 parcels of land are shown on the one plan it is most likely that this cadastral plan was drawn when the parcel of land was sub-divided into 2 parcels.90009 90004 The foundation block of a cadastre is the cadastral plan (or survey plan). This is produced by a registered / licensed surveyor who accurately measures and records the boundaries of each property. This occurs whenever a new land parcel is created and each new survey produces a new survey plan. Because of this each plan is static in time, i.e. it represents the shape and status of the cadastre at the time of survey. 90009 90004 Cadastral plans from different parts of the world, or indeed different parts of Australia, will contain different information — this is dependent on local legislation relating to the registering of cadastral plans into the local cadastre.A properly registered cadastral plan is a legal document. 90009 90002 90003 90002 How is a Cadastral Map different to a Cadastral Plan? 90003 90004 Cadastral maps are produced by joining together individual cadastral plans. A cadastral map is a general land administrative tool which has no real legislative basis (as a cadastral plan does). It is often created on demand and therefore not necessarily up-to-date. These maps are used by a broad range of people (public and professional) for all manner of things including real estate sales, valuation, Land Title Office management of the cadastre, planning etc.90009 90004 Cadastral mapping is one of the best known forms of mapping, because it is the mapping that shows all of the land parcels in relation to one another and to the adjoining roads. It is also one of the most ancient forms of mapping — for example ancient Egyptians are known to have developed cadastral records so that land ownership could be re-established after the annual flooding of the Nile River. 90009 90004 90031 This is an example of a cadastral map and the area circled in red shows the cadastral plan which is described above.90009 90004 These maps are made from numerous cadastral plans. Please note that the information shown is different to the plan. In particular, information which allows the precise dimensions of the parcel of land is no longer shown, rather individual parcels of land are identified by their relationship to each other. Some (but not all) parcels of land have additional information shown — for example how big it is (in hectares), who owns it or what it is used for (eg Gravel Reserve, Water Reserve).90009 90004 There is minimal base information supplied — mainly road and railway reserves and watercourses. 90036 This map is over the same area as the cadastral plan above. In this case the cadastral information has been further generalised and overlaid on a topographic map. The primary purpose of this map is to provide better base information to compare against the cadastral information. 90009 90004 One interesting thing to note is that the cadastral plan identifies a large number of roads, but this map reveals that only a few have been built.In the jargon of the surveying industry this is referred to as the ‘planned’ environment and the ‘built’ environment. 90009 .90000 Services — Cadastral services — Agenzia delle Entrate 90001 90002 The Italian Revenue Agency provides specific online cadastral services dedicated to citizens, professionals, municipal authorities and institutions, such as: 90003 90002 90005 Individuals 90006 90003 90002 90005 General cadastral data queries 90006 to obtain information on the properties listed in the cadastral databank: 90003 90012 90013 90005 search / download of the cadastral incomes: 90006 on the basis of the cadastral identification codes of the properties.The service allows users to obtain, free of charge, information on the cadastral income. 90016 90013 90005 cadastral outcomes: 90006 free of charge cadastral data search by tax code number. This research, accessible through Fisconline service, allows to obtain cadastral incomes and identification codes, descriptive information and data concerning the ownership and the share of interest in it. 90016 90013 90005 Certitel: 90006 this service allows, in collaboration with 90024 Poste Italiane S.p.A. 90025, to receive via email or ordinary mail cadastral documents. 90016 90027 90002 90003 90002 90005 Personal cadastral and land registry 90006 90005 queries: 90006 Individuals and legal persons, having rights of ownership or other property rights, can consult, via Fisconline and Entratel services, the cadastral and land registry data bases, to check plans, cadastral incomes, class and typology, cadastral area. 90035 Accessing the cadastral and land registry data bases, it is possible to have information linked to the person or to a specific real estate; to get the map with the land parcel, the plan of the building, the mortgage status.90035 This service is free of charge and it is not available for properties located in the Autonomous Provinces of Trento and Bolzano. 90003 90002 90005 Contact center 90006: this service allows taxpayers to submit an online request to correct cadastral data. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90005 Professionals 90006 90003 90002 90005 SISTER 90006 is a web portal dedicated to professionals providing advanced cadastral services, such as: 90003 90012 90013 cadastral data query 90016 90013 cadastral data query in a suitable format for computer processing 90016 90013 request / issue of digital map abstract 90016 90013 documents submission (Pregeo, Docfa, etc.) 90016 90013 online cadastral maps 90016 90013 Territorio desk 90016 90027 90002 90003 90002 Access the Italian version of the website for all Cadastral services (It) 90003 .90000 Land, Lots and Lore: Cadastral Maps Through Time | Scanned Maps | Map Library 90001 90002 90003 90004 90002 Maps that mark the boundaries of real property are known as cadastral maps. This exhibit presents several examples of manuscript cadastral maps, historical plat maps, and contemporary GIS-based cadastral resources, showing various methods of presenting property information over time. While cadastral maps are typically created for specific administrative purposes, not all are published for general distribution.Historical cadastral information is valuable to researchers studying historical land use, property law, natural resources, rural sociology, genealogy, and any topic involving the history of land around the world. 90004 90002 This website reproduces a variety of maps from the MSU Map Library Collection including manuscript maps and items published on paper and on the Internet. 90004 90009 90010 90011 90012 Image 90013 90012 Description 90013 90016 90017 90018 90011 90020 90021 90022 武 州 豐 島 郡 江 戶 庄 図.Bushū Toshima-gun Edo-shō zu. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1682. 470-d E- [тисячі шістсот тридцять одна] (Links out to the image at the Library of Congress website) 90023 90020 Cadastral maps have been used to record property boundaries and land ownership for hundreds of years, and in all parts of the world. This map is a digital reproduction of a 1682 reprint of a 1630-31 map showing land ownership in central Tokyo. The print original is in the collection of the Library of Congress; a high-resolution reproduction is available via the MSU Libraries catalog.Downloaded and printed from the Library of Congress, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g7964t.ct002119. 90023 90016 90011 90020 90029 90030: Opens in a New Tab 90022 Map of Land in the Eighth Ward of the City of Brooklyn belonging to the heirs of Leffert Bergen. Drawn by [Brooklyn] City Surveyors Ludlaw and Stuchfield in March 1882. 832-d E-тисячу вісімсот вісімдесят дві (Brooklyn) 90023 90020 90002 This map is an example of a 19th century property sale map made for a specific auction event; it was mounted on linen and was meant to be rolled and tied.90004 90002 Leffert Bergen’s family was among the original Dutch settlers of a remote place called Breuklen, Nieuw Nederland, later called Brooklyn, New York. For several generations this family worked their own farms. Being close to and later part of New York City, land values ​​rose and land use switched from farmland to commercial and residential use. Leffert Bergen only inherited a sliver of the original family farm, but even so when a portion of his lands were sold off in 1882 (26 years after his death), his sliver had become several extremely valuable city blocks.90004 90002 Almost half of the map is devoted to property below the high tide mark. Though this area is unsuitable for homes or farms, it was much sought after as piers could be built out into the Upper Bay of the Atlantic Ocean to receive ships serving nearby warehouses. 90004 90002 This map was a gift of Ron Dietz. 90004 90023 90016 90011 90020 90046 90022 [Plan and Deed of Land owned by Augusts and Tēkle Mālnieks, near Inčeru Sādža, Latvia].Place and Publisher not identified. 1928. 683-d E-1 928 (Inčārnieki) 90023 90020 90002 This land deed describes a 10 hectare (about 25 acre) farm owned by siblings Augusts and Tēkle Mālnieks located near the village Inčeru Sādža (now called Inčārnieki) in the Madona District of Latvia. The deed was granted in 1928 a period of time when Latvia had achieved independence from Russia but before the Soviet Union regained control 1940. Augusts was granted 4 / 5th ownership and his sister 1 / 5th ownership.90004 90002 This map was found at an estate sale in California. It was a gift from Charles Schoenknecht and Ward A. Paul. 90004 90023 90016 90011 90020 90058 90022 Ionia, Ionia County, Michigan Terr’y. Published by Pendletons Lithography in Boston in 1835, probably for Nathaniel Brown. 843-d E-1835 (Ionia) 90023 90020 90002 This map shows a thriving town site. The only problem was that it was a complete fiction. The real Ionia Center, Michigan, the seat of Ionia County, already existed two miles to the west of this site.90004 90002 The map carefully details the true physical features of section 21 of current day Ionia Township, however the town lots, the mill race and the mill pond only existed in the mind of the owner. Numerous lots have been color coded to some unknown system. 90004 90002 At the time the map was made in 1835, half of the square-mile section had been purchased by Chicago-based land speculator Nathaniel Brown. The other half was still owned by the U.S. government.Brown had the idea of ​​a sawmill anchoring a community that in time could steal the County Seat from nearby Ionia Center (later renamed City of Ionia). Although some lots were sold, the venture came to nothing. 90004 90002 About forty years later a small community called Prairie Creek was platted on the north-west corner of the site which today is surrounded by an enlarged City of Ionia.This map was a gift from Ronald Dietz. 90004 90023 90016 90011 90020 90074 90002 County of Montmorency Town 29 Range 1 East.843-c E-тисяча вісімсот сімдесят чотири 90004 90023 90020 90002 This plat map shows land owners in one 6-mile by 6-mile survey township in Montmorency County, Michigan. The names entered here represent the first time these lands were in private hands under state and federal law and shows transactions that occurred through approximately 1874. 90004 90002 Practically all of the land sold in this township served as either bounty lands to compensate veterans under the Scrip Warrant Act of тисяча вісімсот п’ятьдесят п’ять or to support the establishment of Agricultural Colleges through the Morrill Act of тисячі вісімсот шістьдесят два.The proceeds from land sold to John Richardson in sections 13 and 24, for instance, benefited the widow of Private Matthew Alexander who served in the Revolutionary War. Proceeds from the lands labeled ‘Morse Knight and Clark’ in sections 22 and 27 went toward the establishment of The Ohio State University. After this map was made, the town of Lewiston formed on the north shore of East Twin Lake, which was a hub of the lumbering industry for a time. This map was a gift of Ron Dietz. 90004 90023 90016 90085 90086 90002 90088 Publishers began creating inexpensive county plats with landowners ‘names, available for purchase by the general public.They were so popular with local and regional customers that new plat maps were made for many counties every few years, often sponsored by local 4-H clubs, peaking in the mid-to-late 20th century. Some early plats were made into large wall maps, but over time smaller more easily preserved atlases became the norm. These county plats are most plentiful in the US Midwest, where the geometric lines of the US Public Land Survey System made page-sized township maps relatively easy to produce. Generally only parcels of 10 acres or more show the landowner’s name.90004 90009 90010 90011 90012 Image 90013 90012 Description 90013 90016 90017 90018 90011 90020 90102 90002 McAlpine’s Oakland County Map, Farm Edition. Published in Birmingham, Michigan by Wilbur S. McAlpine, 1921. G1413.O2 M335 1921 90004 90002 McAlpine’s Atlas of Oakland County, Michigan. Published in Birmingham, Michigan by Wilbur S. McAlpine Map Co, 1947. G1413.O2 M34 1947 90004 90023 90020 90002 These two plat maps of Commerce Township in Oakland County show land use changes between тисячу дев’ятсот двадцять одна and 1947.In the 1947 map (right), we see an area that had formerly been privately-owned land now in the hands of the Michigan Department of Conservation. The Proud Lake State Recreation Area, established in 1944, was purchased with funds provided by the Michigan Legislature. By 1947 approximately two-thirds of the intended Proud Lake lands had been acquired. 90004 90002 These two atlases were acquired using funds from the Tamara Brunnschweiler Geography Endowment. 90004 90023 90016 90011 90020 90117 90022 Page 42.Sanborn Map Company. Insurance Maps of Lansing, Michigan. 1953-1956. 90023 90020 90002 Interstate Highway 496 was built from тисяча дев’ятсот шістьдесят три to 1970 through the center of Lansing. These two maps show the site of one stretch of the highway before and after it was built. 90004 90002 This detailed map shows every building and street of a small part of Lansing. Pink buildings are brick, blue buildings are stone. Changes to the buildings were indicated by pasting small bits of paper over the map, showing changes between 1953 and 1956.90004 90023 90016 90011 90020 90022 Sheets 1-21B and 1-21C. Ingham County, Michigan. West Chicago, IL: Sidwell Co. 1974. 90023 90020 90002 This map shows the same exact area as does the Sanborn map above. It is a composite of parts of four sheets used by the Ingham County government to track parcels. The underlying aerial photography was taken in Spring 1974. These maps were a gift from MSU Remote Sensing & GIS. 90004 90023 90016 90085 90086 90002 90139 90004 90002 While plat books continue to be published for some rural areas of the U.S., often the best sources for contemporary cadastral information are from those municipal and county government websites that offer interactive «parcel viewer» GIS mapping applications. Here we see parcel information for the long-vacant Citizens Bank site at the corner of Grand River Avenue and Abbot Road in East Lansing, in a detail from the Ingham County Equalization Tax Mapping Viewer. 90004 90009 90010 90011 90012 Image 90013 90012 Description 90013 90016 90017 90018 90011 90020 90022 Ingham County Equalization Tax Mapping Viewer 90023 90020 90002 The digital plat boundaries were created for Ingham County by MSU’s Remote Sensing & GIS Research and Outreach Services (RS & GIS).The parcels were drawn from paper maps which are located in the MSU Map Library. From the parcel viewer, one may link to a page displaying various other details about the property, including assessed values, sale history, photos, zoning status, and building size. From the parcel viewer, one may link to a page displaying various other details about the property, including assessed values, sale history, photos, zoning status, and building size. 90004 90023 90016 90085 90086 90164 Further Reading: 90165 90166 90167 90168 The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State: A History of Property Mapping.90169 Written by Roger. J. P. Kain and Elizabeth Baigent. Published in Chicago by the University of Chicago Press in 1992. 90170 90171 90002 90173 More MSU Map Library Scanned Maps 90174 90004 .